Organization And Governance Of Higher Education - 2213 Words

First Year Freshman Policy Teresa Watkins Chicago State University Policy Analysis Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for ELCF 5920: Organization and Governance of Higher Education Fall 2014 Abstract Institutions of higher education has the ability to market and implement First year freshman policies that will attract and assist with the experience that influences the expectation of whether incoming freshman will successfully transition into four year university until completion. Students are in need of a wide range of support systems, and other resources and tools that are vital throughout their retention at an institution of higher education. First year freshman’s based on the research of†¦show more content†¦The first year freshman expectation and experience standards are set as one of the many ways to retain students until graduation. Scholarly research has been conducted on this policy that many higher education institutions have implement into their universities. Based on the factors that the institutions have a wide range support system in place for a diverse freshman student body who are bombard with several situations that can have a profound effect o n their successful completion and whether or not they register as sophomores for the next semester. The factors that will be address are from two Universities, Chicago State University, (CSU) Chicago, IL, according to the csu website host a freshman seminar that is a course designed to assist University College (UC) students with their transition to Chicago State University and enhance the academic skills necessary for college success. This program helps freshman’s strengthen their study habits and GPA. The R.I.S.E Academy- Provides students with the personal and academic (cognitive and non-cognitive) support they may need in order to get off of academic probation and to prevent borderline students from gaining probationary status. Boise State University (BSU) Boise, ID. According to, BSU website update news article dated September 2010 fall enrollment, Boise State has increased its overall retention rate to almost 70 percent through a combination of a strong orientation e xperience, enhanced advising,

Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges Past and Present Free Essays

Human error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents. While typically associated with flight operations, human error has also recently become a major concern in maintenance practices and air traffic management [1]. Human factors The term â€Å"human factors† is often considered synonymous with crew resource management (CRM) or maintenance resource management (MRM). We will write a custom essay sample on Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges: Past and Present or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Human factors involves gathering information about human abilities, limitations, and other characteristics and applying it to tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments to produce safe, comfortable, and effective human use [1]. Human factor specialists study each factor which can influence on the human activity on the cockpit. The job of an aviation psychologist is to reduce human error during flight. The main and most general objective of their work is optimisation of the human-computer interaction. From the one side electronic equipment should provide the full control of the flight and make easier pilot job. But just one error of board computer may be the cause of the disaster. Therefore crew should be aware and control all situation along with computer program to be able correct its mistake.   Because of high level of system automation often pilots even do not know what it is doing and why. Despite rapid gains in technology, humans are ultimately responsible for ensuring the success and safety of the aviation industry. They must continue to be knowledgeable, flexible, dedicated, and efficient while exercising good judgment [2]. Events of aviation human factors Since the world’s first airplane was invented in 1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright people studied human factors in aviation and tried to make easier pilot work by all known methods. The first navigation aid was introduced in the USA in the late 1920s. It was airfield lighting to assist pilots to make landings in poor weather or after dark. The concept of approach lightning was developed from this in the 1930s, indicating to the pilot the angle of descent to the airfield, which later became adopted internationally through the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). With the spread of radio technology, several experimental radio based navigation aids were developed from the late 20s onwards. These were most successfully used in conjunction with instruments in the cockpit in the form of Instrument Landing Systems (ILS), first used by a scheduled flight to make a landing in a snowstorm at Pittsburgh in 1938. A form of ILS was adopted by the ICAO for international use in 1949. Following the development of radar in World War II, it was deployed as a landing aid for civil aviation in the form of Ground Control Approach (GCA) systems, joined in 1948 by Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), and in the 1950s by airport surveillance radar as an aid to air traffic control [3]. After numerous air incidents and accidents were also solved (or minimized a danger of) a lot of technical problems like positive lightning, engine failure, metal fatigue, delamination, stalling, fire, bird strike, volcanic ash, etc. Much progress in applying human factors to improving aviation safety was made around the time of World War II by people such as Paul Fitts and Alphonse Chapanis. However, there has been progress in safety throughout the history of aviation, such as the development of the pilot’s checklist in 1937. The ability of the flight crew to continually maintain situation awareness is a critical human factor in air safety [3]. During WWII, psychologist Norman Mackworth studied performance of radar operations as he watched for German aircrafts to cross the English Channel. He noted the difficulty of attending to the radar operations for more than a few minutes. After WWII, Paul Fitts studied selective attention and how pilot’s eyes scanned an aircraft’s instrumental pattern. He questioned how the brain knows what is important in the environment and how much information can the eye take before moving to another fixation point [4]. Decades after WWII, the focus of research was on aircraft flight design, layout of instrument displays, and basic tasks of flying. Flight simulators were invented for pilot training and would allow for teaching of skills in a safe environment on ground which would transfer into performance in the real task. In the 1950’s jet aircrafts were invented with faster speed and less stability. In the 1970’s, the focus was on the mental workload and limits of human attention in performing several tasks at once. Finally, in the 1980’s a focus on on-board computer power changed the pilot’s task from an active pilot to more of a monitoring role [4]. To reduce the commercial aviation accident rate modern aircraft companies establish human factors departments. Human factors specialists work closely with engineers, safety experts, test and training pilots, mechanics, and cabin crews to properly integrate human factors into the design of airplanes. Their areas of responsibility include addressing human factors in Flight deck design. Design for maintainability and in-service support. Error management. Passenger cabin design. Flight deck design should satisfy such validated requirements as customer input, appropriate degree of automation, crew interaction capability, communication, navigation and surveillance traffic management. For instance Boeing commercial airplanes propose flight decks which are designed to provide automation to assist, but not replace, the flight crew member responsible for safe operation of the airplane. These systems support instrument displays with visual and tactile motion cues to minimize potential confusion about what functions are automated. Flight crew communication relies on the use of audio, visual, and tactile methods. This includes crewmember-to-airplane, crewmember-to-crewmember, and airplane-to-crewmember communication. Design for maintainability and in-service support includes chief mechanic participation, computer-based maintainability design tools, and fault information team and customer support processes [1]. Boeing has developed human factors tools to help understand why the errors occur and develop suggestions for systematic improvements. The tools are: Procedural Event Analysis Tool (PEAT) and Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA). PEAT is an analytic tool created to help the airline industry effectively manage the risks associated with flight crew procedural deviations. MEDA began as an effort to collect more information about maintenance errors. Three other tools that assist in managing error are: Crew information requirements analysis (CIRA), Training aids, and improved use of automation. CIRA provides a way to analyze how crews acquire, interpret, and integrate data into information upon which to base their actions. The passenger cabin represents a significant human factors challenge related to both passengers and cabin crews. Human factors principles usually associated with the flight deck are now being applied to examine human performance functions and ensure that cabin crews and passengers are able to do what they need or want to do. Some recent examples illustrate how the passenger cabin can benefit from human factors expertise applied during design. These include: automatic over wing exit and other cabin applications. The improved version of the over wing emergency exit opens automatically when activated by a passenger or cabin or flight crew member [1]. Conclusion The list of events in the history of aviation can be endless as the list of events of aviation human factors. However the number of aircraft accidents had not been reduced to zero. Along with legacy achievements should be provide more efficient and modern ones. Therefore aviation industry is an extensive field for specialists of various directions. Bibliography Curt Graeber, Human factor engineering, Boeing commercial airplanes, July, 2005 Robert R. Tyler, An interesting career in psychology: aviation human factors practitioner, October, 2000 Wikipedia (free encyclopedia), 6 July 2005. History of human factors, Human performance training institute, July, 2005 How to cite Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges: Past and Present, Papers

Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department Essay Example

Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department Essay The purpose of this paper is to discuss of the various ways in which information technology has changed the purchasing department, in particular how the Internet has impacted on the purchasing department. Will be outlined the most well known information system, their objectives and the e-purchasing. An example from daily business life will be illustrated in the second part of this paper. 1. Introduction IT is transforming the way that business is conducted. Computers prepare invoices, issue checks, keep track of the movement of stock, and store personnel and payroll records. The personal computers are changing the patterns of office work, and the spread of information technology is affecting the efficiency and competitiveness of business, the structure of the work force, and the overall growth of economic output. Purchasing department has been radically changed by the development of the Information Technology (IT). Simply the communication channels widened enormously, and the information exchange has became significantly faster and broader, simplifying several steps with regards to purchasing, and also enhancing the fast decision making. Also the quality has improved, costs have been reduced, and speed has increased. Many communication channels are available like Internet, email, telephone, mobile communications, fax, video conference calls, GPS, etc. business is now able to operate in 24 hours, seven day a week. 2. Information Technology and Purchasing The Internet can be used by purchasing department for many specific purchasing actions, like; -information search (accelerate the flow of information and increase processing capabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology Impact on the Purchasing Department specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The information collected by the buyer may give a clearer picture on the market what will be useful during the negotiation of prices with supplier) -for transactions (advantages in the form of lower transaction costs can be realized if both supplier and buyer are connected to the same electronic marketplace) -follow up the delivery (online web tracking or other integrated systems) -book in advance the stock from Suppliers database The Internet allows companies to exchange data and information in secure line. These applications are significant quicker than the traditional way. Griffin (1990) identified the main cost elements of Information Systems. These are: hardware and software investments, their installation and maintenance, environmental cost (recycle pay in advance), running and security cost, networking cost, training the users. Server room needs to be allocated. The integrated systems, like Enterprise Resource System (ERR), Material Requirements Planning (MRP), System Application and Products (SAP) etc. gives many complex integrated solutions for companies. These integrated systems give complete solutions for all departments of the organization. The benefits for Information System are: -information relevance (more reliable than the human made information) -accurate and up to date information are available -speed of information delivery -improved customer service -gaining competitive advantage and avoiding competitive disadvantage -support for core business function -improved management function -improved product quality -improved communication (internal and external) -impact on the business through innovation The threats of IT systems are the accidents, nature disaster, sabotage, vandalism, theft, hacking, spam and computer viruses. Another big issue of Internet transaction and communication is trust. This is a necessary ingredient in the completion of business agreements. The Computer Purchasing Systems in practice may be used for, stock control and requisition, purchase order placing, expediting, goods receipt, reporting, transaction processing, data capturing and to allocate stock (barcode system). 3. E-purchasing E-purchasing creates value for organization by reducing cost of goods and services, giving higher productivity and reducing processing cost and gives better information and better planning. The e-purchasing can be split in two parts, the e-sourcing and e-procurement as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1 3. 1 E-sourcing (strategic direction) using the Internet and it covers the elements of buying process which are: -knowledge specification -request for quotation, e-auction, e-tenders -evaluation – negotiation E-sourcing system should enable the sourcing team to: -analyze and model complex decisions in real time -automate the management to contract amendments and renewal -collaborate with suppliers -provide real time information E-sourcing use the internet to make decisions regarding how and where services or products are obtained. E-marketplaces play an important role in this activity, since the price and availability of products from multiple suppliers can be checked from a single point. Another benefit for E-marketplaces in terms of product sourcing is that not only they provide detailed product information from existing suppliers, they also give access to new potential partners and suppliers. Furthermore, the use of reverse auctions and online exchanges enables procurement officers to obtain better prices as they encourage competitive bidding between suppliers. . 2 E-procurement (process driven) covers the following areas of the buying process: requisition, authorization, order, receipt, payment E-procurement is Business to Business (B2B) purchase and sales over an electronic network such as the Internet. The Internets rapid growth has driven many companies to add an electronic commerce component to the ir operations to gain competitive advantage. A well managed E-procurement also could help to reduce inventory levels. Kalakota an Robinson (2001) have identified seven basic e-procurement models: ModelsCharacteristics EDI NetworksTrading partners and customers imple transaction cost value added network charges Business to employee (B2E) requisition applicationsfast buying automated approvals and standardized requisition procedures provide supplier management tools Corporate procurement portalsimproved control over procurement process, business rules can be implemented custom, negotiated prices posted in a multi-supplier catalogue spending analysis and multi-supplier catalogue management First generation trading exchanges: community cataloguesindustry content, news new sales channel for distributors and producers product content and catalogue aggregation service Second generation trading exchanges: transaction orientedrequisition process and purchase order transactions supplier, price and products availability discovery catalogue and credit management Third generation trading exchanges: collaborative supply chainsynchronize operations and enable real time fulfillment process transparency, resulting in restructuring of demand and the supply chain Industry consortia: buyer and supplier ledthe next step in the evolution of corporate procurement portals 3. 3 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) The EDI were developed in 1970s to exchange of business transactions in electronic format. The main functions for EDI are: query handling, transaction handling, funds transfer and technical data. The benefits for using EDI are; reduced cost, elimination of paperwork, time saving and increased efficiencies, improved supplier management, enhanced service and quality, improved access and communication. 4. Examples Few examples brought from the world of the pharmaceutical business and Clinical Research Organization (CRO) outsourcing. The changes due to the IT development could be categorized in many different ways, all very valid ones, I chose to bring separate examples to its ‘slow implementation’, and to its ‘fast implementation’. 4. Slow implementation It utilizes more the ability of calculating/computing of the IT devices – not that much the speed of interactions through the novel communication channels. The example I would like to give is around the costing process when preparing a complex clinical trial to be outsourced to a CRO. A task w ith this level of complexity, requiring the work of so many service lines, individuals with various hourly rates, working of various task durations – most of the time in various countries – so preparing an overall proposal to undertake a clinical trial cannot be done in any other ways than by using ultra sophisticated pricing tools. Most of the times these pricing tools are based on the main features of Microsoft Excel, some other times specially designed software platforms are prepared to handle this specific task. Speaking of Microsoft Office Applications – which are probably the most commonly used ones of the type in Europe – needless to point out that the Proposal Document reviewed by the Sponsor company purchasing (outsourcing) department is initially prepared in MS Word – saved in final stage as Adobe . pdf – to prevent accidental modifications. When the outsourcing process leaves the proposal stage and enters the Bid Defense phase, it is the most common to have the clinical trial displayed as a MS Project simulation, where both the Sponsor Purchasing Department and the CRO to be hired can go through the entire project length, try various scenarios, adjust timelines, etc. Last but not least during the purchasing process MS PowerPoint presentations are most commonly employed to outline the message to be conveyed and to enhance the communication. Still at the IT ‘slow’ implementation, I would like to point out the boost of the various communication channels in line with the integration of the advanced IT technologies. The most information pathways are through e-mails and phone calls, but also specially designed internet secure web areas are quite often available to deposit and access essential documentation and updates when necessary. The uses of such web areas are obviously very restricted by applying the strictest policies to ensure the confidentiality of the data exchanged are always maintained. Phone communications and face-to-face meetings just very recently are to be dropped to the favor of video-conference calls which can host several participants at the same time, regardless of their geographic position. One word for the contrary IT does indeed enhance communication to an incredible extent, however it cannot replace the human contact not even the most developed video conferences will ever be able to offer the same level of confidence between the parties in business as a single handshake, and a clear look in each other’s eyes. Body language is mostly excluded whilst the communication uses advanced IT technology and it’s been said that more business is being done besides a white sheet table than in any large meeting rooms. 4. 2Fast Implementations I would like to point out a single example to a process which utilizes the ‘speedy’ way of the IT technology. This is the large scale drug distribution from the depots of country level coverage in the direction to the regional depots and pharmacies (the example taken is from Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) and drug distribution in Romania). CEE is an enhanced single interconnect Ethernet technology designed to enable the convergence of various applications in data centers, such as LAN, SAN and HPC. These applications are designated for transport over existing storage networks with a high throughput and low-latency communication. CEE may also be called Data Center Ethernet. The price of any pharmaceuticals may depend on a number of things, details of which the frame of this paper will not permit to analyze in-depth. One of the determining factors however is the price induced directly by the market itself. This becomes increasingly important when it comes to trading between National Depots and the regional ones as well as trading with the pharmacies. The available offers and the needs in this close community will drive the prices extensively. This is further complicated by making the price of the various products dependent on the volume of the transaction as well as on the other items purchased at the same time. It all works rather as an auction, and it is all online, real time purchase. The players are in complex communication among each other on an ongoing basis, and the deals are being instantaneously sealed when the reach the common sense. To be able to do such auction-based trading, the IT had to reach an extremely high level of development. Major investments had to be carried out to upgrade the available equipments to ensure this level of communication between the parties. Being a country just recently catching up and somewhat behind in their infrastructure, the relevant purchasing departments had to undergo a thorough change. There were players, who preferred to stay conservative and pursue to earlier fashion of business: after a few years they are no longer on the market. This is the level of seriosity how such things shall be perceived. 5. Conclusion The advance of IT changed completely the main stream of purchasing in relatively short time, and applying the most recent technology has become a matter of survival for the parties in business. With the rapid changes in technology in the recent time, business organizations are rushing to keep pace with these changes. However, mostly dont give sufficient thought and attention to how they can best execute them. Many of us may not notice or may forget an organizations culture and people behind these developments. Bibliography Ricky W. Griffin, Management, (3rd Edition) (1990), Houghton Mifflin Ravi Kalkota, Marci Robinson, (2001) M-Business: The Race to Mobility, McGraw-Hill Companies Emiliani, ML 2000, ‘Business-To-Business Online Auctions: Key Issues For Purchasing Process Improvement’, Supply Chain Management, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 76-186. MCB UP Ltd Oliver Dempsey (2008), Business Organisation and Information Technology, IIPMM Graham Curtis and David Cobham (6th Edition) (2008), Business Information Systems, FT Prentice Hall Donald W. Dobler, David N. Burt (1996), 6th Edition, Purchasing and Supply Management – Text and Cases, The McGraw-Hill International Editions Conor Hannaway, Gabriel Hunt (1999), The Management Skills Book, Gower Paul Bojic, Andrew greasley, Simon Hickie (4th Edition) (2008), Business information Systems, FT Prentice Hall

Essay on glengarry and good faith

Essay on glengarry and good faith Essay on glengarry and good faith Essay on glengarry and good faithThe problem of the negative impact of the pursuit of wealth on the morality of people and society is still relevant because the pursuit of wealth is still one of the primary concerns of the contemporary culture. However, such purposes may ruin life of people since such goals as wealth and prosperity are not always achievable for them. At this point, it is possible to refer to the film Glengarry Glen Ross and the novel Good Faith, which reveal the full extent to which the desire of their main characters to retain their positions and improve their financial position turned out to be destructive for their life. In such a context, the film and the novel show that even good intentions may lead characters the wrong way, when stakes grow too high and they can or are forced to commit crimes and deceive their business partners.Good Faith raises the problem of the failure of the intrinsically good character to succeed because of the deception and scheming of hi s business partner. Joe is a good person and he does his best to survive in his business but the partnership with Marcus turns out to be the total failure as Marcus actually steals the money and puts Joe’s business on the edge of survival. Such a situation is apparently unfair in relation to Joe, who works hard and does his best. Similarly, Gordon also relies heavily on their business partnership but together with Joe, they turn out to be unsuitable for business because they do not deceive their business partners as Marcus does.In such a way, the author of the book does not just show the personal tragedy of the main character but also raises the problem of the failure of a good person to succeed in business as if the author wants to show that business is often immoral and people driven by ethical rules and norms cannot survive in it. Jane Smiley wants to uncover the true face of business and existing socioeconomic order, where there is no room for ethical decisions and rules. Instead money rules the world and business is driven by the only purpose of gaining more profits. In fact, the main rule of the business is the ends justify means which is obvious from actions of Marcus. He is the character, who disrespects any moral norms and values but is fully devoted to the idea of becoming a wealthy person.The main character of the book is not able to deceive and seems to be a bit simplistic in his views on business and business partners. The book shows that such people cannot survive in business because, in their attempts to gain wealth, they are likely to fail, while the pursuit of wealth turns out to be destructive for moral values of individuals, as is the case of Marcus, who deceives his business partners without any regrets or remorse.Jane Smiley shows that there is no room for moral people, who have learned basic moral norms once and try following them throughout their life, even when they are in business pursuing wealth and prosperity. Joe’s mot to is â€Å"selling old houses to decent people† (Smiley, 48), but in actuality, his business is not as simple as that. On the contrary, he has to sell above all to make money and to succeed in his business, in such a way. There is no room for moral choices.In such a context, Joe may be viewed as the protagonist of the novel, whereas Marcus is the antagonist of the novel. At any rate, he is absolutely different character compared to Joe. Marcus is a true savvy of business. He knows how to make money fast and he actually earns money from everything that is his motto which apparently contrasts the motto of Joe, which is definitely moral by its nature. However, Marcus has those qualities, which are essential for the successful business and crucial for success, when a person pursues wealth as his/her ultimate goal. In contrast to Joe, Marcus does not have any moral values that could restrict his actions in relation to other people and his business partners. Business is not his ul timate goal because he could run a successful business together with Joe and Gordon, but he preferred to take the money and get away.Business is just the efficient tool for earning money for Marcus and he makes earning money and becoming wealthy the only purpose and sense of his life. In such a way, Jane Smiley uncovers the full extent to which business and wealth are dehumanizing people. Good-natured people like Joe fail, while greedy and profit-driven ones, like Marcus, succeed and this is the main dilemma of the book that shows the persisting social injustice and the major drawback of the existing socioeconomic system uncovered by the author.The same idea may be clearly traced in the film Glengarry Glen Ross. However, in contrast to the book Good Faith, the film does not really show characters that are really good. On the contrary, all of them are businessmen, who are profit-driven and look for better options for their career development to become wealthy and prosperous at all co sts. Even though they have different motives, for instance, Levene needs money to help his seriously ill daughter, while others, like Ricky Roma are just pursuing wealth.The main characters of the film work in the real estate company selling houses like did Joe and Gordon in Good Faith. However, there is no such a good character as Joe in the film. On the contrary all of them can and do receive customers to sell them houses. In such a way, from the beginning, the film shows clearly that there is no room for morality in the real estate business as well as in business at large.Moreover, the main characters of the film start looking like a pack of wolves ready to kill each other any moment just to stay in business and keep working in the company. This transformation becomes obvious, when the company sends Blake to optimize the performance of the team that means that two of four salesmen have to be fired. In such a way, the film uncovers the competitive nature of business, where people are mere puppets in hands of owners of the company. For instance, owners of the company do not care about Levene, who needs money badly to treat his daughter. Instead, they just look for options to save costs and optimize the team performance.Blake is the personification of business pragmatism and dehumanization. He does not care about people and he has no interest in their fate. He is just doing his job to receive promised rewards from owners of the company. This is why he decides to cut two positions in the company as the matter of fact. He does not care what will happen to those two salesmen that will lose the job. He does not care about people at all. What he does care is his own profit and the profit of the company.In such a way, the film conveys the similar message to the audience as does the book Good Faith, the film shows the dehumanizing nature of business and pursuit of wealth. People fail to respect basic moral norms, when they pursue wealth.At the same time, the pursuit of wealth and the strife for money often pushes people to criminal acts, as was the case of Marcus in Jane Smiley’s book and as was the case of Levene and Moss. Their plan to set fire in the office of the company and steel shares is apparently driven by their intention to gain more money and become prosperous.Essay on glengarry and good faith part 2

Latter, not Ladder

Latter, not Ladder Latter, not Ladder Latter, not Ladder By Maeve Maddox Andrew Chatwin asks: Latter and Ladder, how are they different? One difference is that of pronunciation: latter [lÄÆ'tÉ™r] ladder[lÄÆ'dÉ™r] In ordinary speech, however, the difference between the t and d sounds is often difficult to discern. Apparently other speakers are puzzled by the word latter. Heres a question asked and answered at Yahoo Answers: Why do people use the phrase I choose the ladder after comparing two decisions or choices? And heres the best answer as chosen by voters: Oh most people who say that are social climbers and they want to get to the top. In the expression that refers to making a choice between two options, the word is latter, not ladder. The first option is called the former: Father gave us our choice of the blue Mustang or the red Corvette. I chose the former and Charlie chose the latter. The word latter comes from the comparative form of Old English laet: laetra, and meant slower. It took on the meaning of second of two in the 1550s. Modern later came, well, later. (It also comes from OE laet.) The most usual use of latter is to refer to the second of two mentioned things: He was offered the part of either Othello or Iago: he chose the latter. Mormons call their church the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints because they see themselves as later followers of Jesus Christ; the former day saints were the first century Christians. The latter days is an eschatological phrase used by some Christian sects to refer to the days preceding the second coming of Christ. One can also refer to a persons latter years, i.e., old age. Here are some examples of latter used to mean the later part of life: Men living longer but spend latter years sick Staying in Shape in Your Latter Years Ladder, as a noun, usually means a portable device with rungs or steps that enables one to climb up or down. The word ladder can also refer to a tear or a breach in fabric that resembles a ladder, having straight sides and crosspieces: Once the critical bond at the crack tip has broken, the peak stress concentration is transferred to the next bond, and so on, like a ladder in a silk stocking. Figuratively, ladder is used to refer to the steps of getting ahead socially or professionally: A steady rise up the legal ladder took him into the commercial law field †¦ He sits, unhappy and proud, on the ladder of social promotion having lost the hold on one type of life, but failing to reach the one to which he aspires. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsUsed To vs. Use ToEspecially vs. Specially

Logging in the Tropical Rainforests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logging in the Tropical Rainforests - Essay Example This essay seeks to explain why logging in the rain forests ought to ban. Chiefly, logging leads to deforestation and has some unforeseen consequences, which in effect have been detrimental to the environment. Climate change and global warming are undoubtedly the most visible impact on the environment. Continued logging has made various societies to receive unpredictable weather patterns that not only affect the agricultural patterns for many farmers but they also threaten other animal species as drought and famine has become a norm (Williams 94). Besides, there is the need to recognize that deforestation has affected many native human societies and consequently altered their social arrangements and patterns (Hurst 28). For instance, the Kayapo tribe occupying the Amazon forests has had to adjust their social and economic organizations to adapt to the rapid deforestation that has taken root in the country. Over the years, the political institutions have used the logging debate to sol icit political mileage. In particular, Williams explicates that the politicians have justified logging to increase their revenues as myriad of companies continue to receive licenses to operate in the tropical forests (79). For example, Brazil allowed mining company to clear land in the Amazon forests, destroying numerous plant and animal species in the pretext of increasing revenues for the entire country. In addition, the government and political leaders have justified their policies on land clearance as aimed at resettling the landless (Hurst 28). This is a reflection of the nature of governments’ insensitivity to the forests and biodiversity. Perlin articulates that it is agreeable that various policies and regulations that allow for encroachment into the rain forests fail to comprehend the cross cutting issue of decreasing the biodiversity (73). It is important to appreciate that albeit the rationale behind continued logging, the world stands to lose in decreasing numbers of species that have their habitats in the tropical rain forest. Ecologically, were the practices of logging and deforestation to continue, many plant and animal species would face extinction. This does not only destabilize the food web and chains, it may lead to an ecologically imbalance habitats that might be of little if any help in the long term. As such, logging in the tropical rain forests ought to be a buried debate in its opposition. Further, while justifications may persist that if industries were allowed to cut down trees in the rain forests, they would ultimately help in the conservation efforts of the same. In fact, the sole motive or objective of any company is to make profit (Williams 83). As such, conservation efforts would imply and excess on their expenditure side further contradicting the company’s goals. However, some industry may embark on conservation efforts but not until they weigh their projected costs against the benefits. Hence, only those companies whose advantage is high will conserve the forests but only in the short term. After the depletion of timber resources, the companies will equally quit (Perlin 123). Enforcement of policies and formulation of policies that would prohibit logging would lead to search for alternative sources of resources. Specifically, the logging in the forests are motivated by search for sources fuels or other resources. After imposition of bans prohibiting logging, the affected people will look for alternatives sources of fuel, which could

Health problem in Qatar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health problem in Qatar - Essay Example To deal with obesity, there is need to have a multidisciplinary approach to the issue. It needs an intervention of all stakeholders to ensure that there is sanity in the eating and physical activity behavior among the people of Qatar. One of the major ways of mitigating this epidemic in the country is through health education among the people of Qatar. Their eating habits have been made worse by the cultural practices that dictates one have enough to eat while visiting a friend and failure to do so is violating the cultural values. This health education and creation of awareness among the people is fundamental to reducing this problem.Health education can be approached in a number of ways to ensure that all the targeted people are reached early enough before the calamity strikes. To start with is introducing this health education in the educational curriculum of the country. Children from a tender age should have the vital information on health behaviors from their education system. The effects of these unhealthy behaviors should be taught to children while in school at the same time, thought about the best ways of modifying their eating behavior. This has been practiced in quite a number of countries all over the world and has borne fruits with the end result being reduced rates of diabetes among children. For instance, in the United States, there is increased awareness among school going children on the best practices and foods to take over time.