Essay on Assessment Issue Rubrics - 615 Words

Assessment Issue Rubrics This article takes on a bit of a different perspective when it comes to the issue of using rubrics as a tool of assessment. When the topic of rubrics has come up in the professional life of this writer, it has been followed with a negative connotation. This article speaks positively of the use of rubrics. The writer of the article Heidi Andrade uses rubrics not only to justify students’ grades, but also to assist the students in properly completing an assignment. What the author of the articles says makes a lot of sense. A rubric shows a student exactly what is needed to obtain a high score on any given assignment. A good rubric will effectively do this task. The rubric can also serve as a†¦show more content†¦With the use of the Instructional Rubric, the requirements are right there for the student in black and white (or whatever color of ink you decide to use), and those requirements can’t be denied. It provides conclusive evidence to support either a passing or failing grade. â€Å"Instructional Rubrics support the development of skills, Instructional Rubrics support the development of understanding† (2000). There were studies done that supported both of these ideas. The first statement was based on a study that gave a group of eighth grade students an Instructional Rubric and another group was not given a Rubric. The two groups were to spend the next few months working on writing for state standardized test. The group with the Instructional Rubric scored significantly higher than the group without the Rubric. To support the second statement, the two groups were asked on what they thought the state was looking for when it graded their writing. The first group had definitive answers, while the second group was vague and unsure of what was expected of them. If one was interested in using Instructional Rubrics, there are a few different ways that person can go about creating one. 1. Look at models: review examples of good and poor work, and show these examples to theShow MoreRelatedEDA 555 Legal Issues in Education Benchmark Assessment and Rubric3248 Words   |  13 Pages EDA 555 Legal Issues in Education Benchmark Assessment and Rubric Alicia M. Thomas Grand Canyon University: EDA-555 Legal Issues in Education Oct 23, 2013 Legal Issues in Education Benchmark Assessment and Rubric Response to the letter Letter from the Principal TO: Joe Black, Lead Custodian From: The Principal Date: October 26 Subject: Confidential After reading your letter I was in a state of shock for a period of time because it is actually a matterRead MoreThe Genius Of Rubrics Is A Coherent Set Of Criteria1493 Words   |  6 PagesA rubric is a coherent set of criteria for students work that includes descriptions of levels of performance quality on the criteria. Sounds simple enough, right? Unfortunately, this definition of rubric is rarely demonstrated in practice. The Internet, for example, offers many rubrics that do not, in fact, describe performance. I think I know why that might be and will explain that in Chapter 2, but for now let s start with the positive. It should be clear from the definition that rubrics haveRead MoreEffective Assessment Methods Help The Learner And The Educator Identify Learning Needs Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesEffective Assessment Practices Assessment is a very important and crucial step in the learning process. Effective assessment methods help the learner and the educator identify learning needs and also the effectiveness of the education program being given. There are advantages and disadvantages to these methods. Educators use a myriad of assessment methods to help them identify what the learners are retaining and also to help guide the education program. Students can use assessment methods to reflectRead MoreThe Performance Of The Spring Concert1675 Words   |  7 Pagescomponents of a quality music education program, assessment must be more meaningful than awards or a lack of complaints. In order to be effective, the assessment process should be ongoing, frequent, and individualized. A national study found that professional development in arts assessment is lacking: Respondents see a need for professional development, university training, and certification programs in all art forms to improve instruction and assessment in the arts†¦ needs of the field include fundingRead MoreQuestions On Learning Standards For English Language Arts1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent rubrics that will be used to assess their learning. Students will learn what a rubric is, how a teacher uses them, and how they can use them as a guide to evaluate their own work. Illinois Learning Standards addressed: Common Core Standards for English Language Arts Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects: CC.6.SL.1.c: Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic, text, or issue under discussionRead MoreThe Rubric Of Marking And Grading Students Work924 Words   |  4 Pagesand grading students’ work is the rubric. A rubric is described by Andrade (2005) as an â€Å"assessment tool that lists the criteria for a piece of work or what counts (†¦) and articulates gradations of quality for each criterion, from excellent to poor†. A rubric can be seen to act almost as a checklist in that it allows for teachers to select where a piece of work falls against several criteria, allowing for more fair and balanced marking among a class. Below is a rubric created to mark lessons that haveRead MoreHow I Will Structure My Lesson987 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 2 On how I will structure my lesson will be based on the student’s maturity and how familiar they are with the material. If the class as a whole has behavior issues such as a lot of talking, not focusing on the task at had. I will be more apt to use Teacher-centered lessons. This allows me to control classroom management and know where the progress of the class is. If the class is capable of less supervision than I would use a Student-centered lesson approach. Another aspect that wouldRead MoreAssessing The Classroom Abilities Of The Target Student1567 Words   |  7 PagesAssessments illustrate the needs of our students while emphasizing strengths. For literacy, assessments serve as a window into the pupils’ knowledge and development. Assessments provide detail information of pupils’ weakness and strength in literacy (Afflerbach, 2012). It is important for the teacher to incorporate various assessments to compile a holistic view of the reader. When teachers can i dentify student strengths and weaknesses, they can make informed decisions to guide their teaching. AtRead MoreAssessment In Performance-Based Secondary Music Classroom Analysis1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe article â€Å"Assessment in Performance-Based Secondary Music Classes,† focuses on theories of assessment and grading practices in high school music ensembles (Pellegrino, Conway, and Russell, 2015). Research findings were shared from Joshua Russell and James Austin regarding the survey results of secondary music teachers. These results showed that the majority of the 352 teachers that responded determined their students’ performance-based summative grades â€Å"by a combination of achievement and nonachievementRead MoreQuestions On The Group Process Tools1380 Words   |  6 PagesTools will be used to determine the school baseline: T-Chart Activity: Described as a tool used to help individuals see the opposite dimension of an issue, the T-Chart Activity would be a great tool to use in the school meeting. During the meeting this activity will be used as a three column chart to compare and contrast three dimensions to an issue. The three column chart will be used to analyze gaps. Column 1 represents where we are now, Column 2 represents where we want to be, Column 3 represents

Hardship in Ireland in A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift

In Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† written in 1729, he writes of the hardships faced by the lower class and proposes a solution to help it out. Living in Ireland, Swift witnessed many hardships suffered among the poor, such as stealing and begging. However, not too far away, the British royalty was living a lavish lifestyle, and by doing so, it was sucking the life out of the poor. Jonathan Swift saw this enormous unbalance of wealth and wanted to do something about it. Therefore, in his article, â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift’s aims to publicly humiliate the rich by demonstrating how they always take from the poor. Meanwhile, the author is also trying to anger the lower class in order to get those living in it to stand up to the wealthy†¦show more content†¦This gives the author credibility to write about the lower class’s lifestyle in order to get his point across to the readers. Also, Jonathan Swift strengthens his proposal of selling off children for food by stating that he has no children of his own to profit from. This is an example of ethos because it gives the author credibility by showing that he does not care for the money, but rather for the greater good of society. Another form of rhetoric used by Swift in his article is logos. The author uses a lot of logical reasoning to support his argument. For example, the writes that creating a new dish, the babies, for the wealthy will allow the poor to earn much needed money, and it will rid them of the demanding task of having to support said babies. In essence, Swift is saying that the wealthy will benefit by having more food, and the poor will benefit from receiving the monetary value of their babies. This shows logos in that logic is used to explain and support the author’s argument. Also, Swift proposes that his idea will control the population of the already overpopulated cities. This once again uses logic to support the argument that the au thor is putting forth. Finally, Jonathan Swift uses many examples of pathos to ignite an emotional response from the readers. The author does not really want to use babies as food for the rich;Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s The Revolutionary War 1583 Words   |  7 PagesPaper 23 September 2014 Jonathan Swift The Revolutionary War is one, if not the most memorable time of American history. It is what started the beginning of the land of the free. The colonization and tyranny of England was not just felt in the thirteen colonies that became America but also in places such as Ireland. Authors such as Jonathan Swift not only acted as literary geniuses but as a way for modern day historians to see the effects of colonization and the hardships of a country where the wealthyRead MoreEssay about A Swift Change Is Imminent1714 Words   |  7 PagesAt a first glance, a misogynist’s paradise is apparent when perceiving Jonathan Swift’s The Lady’s Dressing Room and a cannibalistic one in A Modest Proposal. However, Swift’s intricate feelings do not depict Ireland’s crude social convention, but rather for Swift’s revolutionary vitriolic satire, which permeates humanity’s blindness through political stand points. By using grotesque metaphors, to open t he figurative eyes of the public, Swift’s poetry forced society to analyze the ways of livingRead MoreSummary Of Gullivers Travels And A Modest Proposal1450 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal: Satire Authors often use satire to ridicule peoples behaviors or societys institutions, with hopes of bringing social change. One of the most influential satirical authors of all time is Jonathan Swift, who uses these techniques so effectively, that he has been called â€Å"the greatest satirist in the English Language† (Holt 620). Swift’s use of satire to address controversial concerns is one of the reasons this story is still relevant and analyzedRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1795 Words   |  8 PagesHave you ever thought about eating an infant to ease your economic hardship? You’re not the only one! Jonathan Swift wrote an entire pamphlet about it (satirically, of course). Satire has the ability to point out societal inadequacy and ridicule political policies in a way that is humorous in its absurdity while masking its true intent. In A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, the author’s use of exaggeration and irony to draw attention to the me aningless lives of the Irish people to English ruleRead MoreSir Thomas More And Jonathan Swift Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesof Sir Thomas More and Jonathan Swift. Here, individuals for the first time interrogate the governmental systems which predate them to a particular effect, though their means are drastically different. Shared between the authors is a critical engagement with the lasting effects of the British empire that dominated the world around them. Though they can be balanced in either opposition (with Swift as the darker of the two or, for that matter, More), More represents for Swift something of a mentorRead MoreA Modest Proposal, to Save the Country’s Image: Examining the Oppression Toward the Irish Poor2071 Words   |  9 PagesA Modest Proposal, to save the country’s image: Examining the oppression toward the Irish poor A Modest Proposal: For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public was published in 1729 by Jonathan Swift. It was published during an economic crisis and a period where the English developed a great dissatisfaction toward the Irish. The Irish were facing a devastating economic crisis during the 1700sRead MoreIrony in Swifts A Modest Proposal Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough I realize your concern, you have missed the point of this well thought out essay completely. Despite what you may think about A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, this essay is a satire master piece filled with irony. Swift’s essay was not intended to convince people to eat babies, but to call attention to the abuses Catholic’s face from their well-to-do Protestants. He only uses eating babies in his essay to explain to the reader the impossible burdens the Protestants are imposing onRead MoreEighteenth Century English Literature5838 Words   |  24 PagesDefoe, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Samuel Richardson. Others, the radicals, wanted more democracy in the ruling of the country. They defended the interests of the exploited masses. The most outstanding representatives of the radicals were Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Oliver Goldsmith. Richard B. Sheridan. In the epoch of Enlightenment the poetic forms of the Renaissance were replaced by prose. The moralizing novel was born and became the leading genre of the period. Ordinary peopleRead MoreCultural Analysis For Doing Business8067 Words   |  33 PagesThis paper will present a Cultural Analysis for doing Business in Ireland. This paper will answer four main questions, while adding additional information and insight to the nation of Ireland. Among reading this paper, the reader should be able to understand Ireland’s culture, how people in Ireland conduct business, how U.S. and Ireland compare in business, and the implications for U.S. businesses that wish to conduct business in Ireland. These research questions were tackled using scholarly articles

Accounting Midterm Free Essays

The monetary unit assumption states that transactions that can be measured in arms of money should be recorded in the accounting records. 5. The drawings account Is a subdivision of the owner’s capital account and appears as an expense on the unicorn statement. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Midterm or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6. Revenues are a subdivision of owner’s capital. 7. The trial balance has no limitations or weaknesses. 8. In an automated system, the entering of data and transferring of information is 9. Adjusting entries are often made because some business events are not recorded as they occur. 10. Adjusting entries are recorded in the general Journal but are not posted to the accounts in the general ledger. 1 1 . Adjusting entries are not necessary if the trial balance debit and credit columns balances are equal. 12. An adjusting entry always involves two balance sheet accounts. 13. The accounting cycle begins at the start of a new accounting period. 14. A work sheet is a mandatory form that must be prepared along with an income statement and balance sheet. 15. Both correcting entries and adjusting entries always affect at least one balance sheet account and one income statement account. Multiple Choice: Select the most correct answer. (1 5 marks) 1. As a result of corporate reporting scandals, proposals to improve business raciest have come from all of the following except a. Regulators. B. The investment community. C. The Canada Revenue Agency. D. The accounting profession. 2. Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one’s actions are Judged as b. Honest or dishonest. . Fair or unfair. D. All of these. 3. All of the following are steps used to analyze ethical dilemmas except a. Using the organization’s code of ethics to identify ethical situations. . Using personal ethics to identify ethical situations. C. Identifying potential stakeholders. D. Discussing the ethical dilemma with co-workers. 4. Generally accepted accounting principles are a. Income tax regulations. B. Standards that indicate how to report economic events. C. Theories that are based on physical laws of the universe. D. Principles that have been proven correct by academic researcher s. 5. The investment of cash by the owners off business requires a debit to and a credit to a. Owner’s capital; cash b. Drawings; owner’s capital c. Ash; drawings d. Cash; owner’s capital 6. The withdrawal of cash for personal use by the owners off business requires a to the drawings account and a a. Debit; debit b. Debit; credit c. Credit; credit . Credit; debit to the cash account. 7. An accountant has debited an asset account for $1,000 and credited a liability account for $500. What can be done to complete the recording of the transaction? a. Nothing further must be done. B. Debit an owner’s equity account for $500. C. Debit another asset account for $500. D. Credit a different asset account for $500. 8. Purchase equipment with a note payable. Pay utilities with cash. . Owner withdraws money from the business for personal use. Example: (a) and (d) are a match because both of them include one increase in assets and one decrease in assets, so there is no effect on the accounting equation. Question 1: Solution (b) and O) are a match because both of them include one increase to equity and one decrease to equity. (c) and (h) are a match because one decreases liabilities and the other increases liabilities. (e) and (f) are a match because one decreases liabilities and the other increases liabilities. (g) and (I) are a match because one increases assets, and the other decreases assets, showing that utilities were paid in cash with customer cash payments for services rendered. Question 2: 12 marks Hone’s Bike Repairs opened for business on March 1, 2008. The following transactions occurred in March. March 1 Jack Hon.. Invested $5,000 cash in the business and contributed equipment Marc h 5 Completed services for customers who paid cash $400. March 6 Paid $660 for a one-year insurance policy. The policy takes effect April 1 and will expire March 31, 2009. March 8 Completed services for a major customer and invoiced the customer $1 ,OHO. March 1 5 Paid for printing advertising brochures $125. The brochures were distributed the same day. March 20 Received a bill from the utilities company for March utilities in the amount of $70. The amount is due April 4. March 5 Entered into a contract with a new customer who will use Hone’s services for repairs on their entire fleet of rental bikes. The customer paid $800 in advance for repairs to be completed in April. March 31 Jack Hon.. Withdrew $1,200 for personal use. March 31 Received $600 cash from the customer billed on March 8. Instructions: Journalize the above transactions. Explanations are required. Question 2: Solution *copy answer from paper notes* Question 3: 10 marks Pierson Insurance Agency prepares monthly financial statements. Presented below is an income statement for the month of June that is correct on the basis of information insider. PIERSON INSURANCE AGENCY Income Statement Month Ended June 30 Revenues Premium commission revenues Expenses Salary expense $6,000 Advertising expense 800 Rent expense 4,200 Amortization expense $35,000 Total expenses Net income 13,800 $21,200 Additional Data: When the income statement was prepared, the company accountant neglected to take into consideration the following information: 1. How to cite Accounting Midterm, Papers

Impact of Climate Change

Question: Write an essay on Impact of Climate Change and Global Warming? Answer: Introduction: The twin environmental challenges are the global warming and the climate change which has gained popularity and public disclosure. The discussions on environmental issues of global warming and the climate changes stir up passionate responses and stern debate between environmentalists as they pose different kinds of threat that these two concepts have on the living beings and the society as a whole (Global warming 'confirmed', 2011). Global warming can be defined as the phenomenon where the average surface temperature has been increasing over more than one decade. The climate change is an extension to the global warming phenomenon which will be discussed in this paper. There are many dimensions to the explanations of the global warming and the climate change and the threats that they impose on the human society, living beings, and on the environment (Huntingford, 2013). The main aim of this paper is to provide an outline to the impacts of the global warming and climate changes on the environment. Global warming and climate change: Global warming is defined as the slow and steady increase in the surface temperature of the Earth. Temperatures are 0.74 degree Celsius more than the temperatures that were 150 years ago. The major cause of the global warming is the rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global warming and climate change that is associated with each other. The climate change is defined as the changes in the attributes of climate which include not only the surface temperatures but also precipitation patterns, winds, ocean currents, and other aspects of the Earths climate. Global warming and the climate change refer to an increase in the global temperature. It is the natural incidents and the human activities that lead to the increase in the average global temperature. The increase in the carbon dioxide is termed as greenhouse gases. A warming earth would lead to a situation where the climatic conditions changes affecting the weather in various ways (Kendall, 2014). The US agency, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) identified seven indicators that identify the climatic changes which are increase in the tropospheric temperature; increase in the land temperature and over the oceans temperature along with the increase in the sea surface temperature. There are two other indicators of atmospheric climatic changes like the melt down of the snow covered mountains and the glaciers. This results in the increase in the sea level which has negative impact on the coastal areas. Also the climatic changes are indicated by the rise in the humidity level and rise in the ocean heat content which is followed by the melting of the sea ice (Lane, 2014). The direct consequences of the global warming are the greenhouse effect, the sun and the dust and the dirt. In the next section the impact of the global warming and the climate change are discussed below: Impact of Global Warming and Climate Change: Global warming is believed to have devastating and costly impact on the communities, health and the climate of the Earth (Matawal and Maton, 2013). The reduction of the global warming emissions can be reduced only when the humans would take immediate actions to mitigate it. Otherwise it would continue to damage the entire planet. Some of the impacts of the global warming are discussed below: Sea Level Rise- The increase in the surface temperature has melted the snow capped mountains and the glaciers which increases the sea level. On an average the sea level has risen eight inches which is quite fast on the US East Coast and Gulf of Mexico. This has impacted the life and property on the coastal areas as there is a high risk of flood to the low level communities and thus, the flood insurance system has been encouraged in these areas. Increase in the wildfire- The rise in the land temperature has increased the wildfires which is quite common in the Western US. The higher spring and summer temperatures have resulted in the hotter forests which remained dry for longer periods of time. The wildfires destroy wildlife and other exotic vegetation. Some of the animal in this case might be on the verge of extinction and wildfires would worsen the situation and disturb the ecological balance . Intense heat waves- with the intensification of the global warming, the dangerous hot weather is occurring frequently which causes serious health problems like heat stroke, heat exhaustion and aggravating some of the medical conditions. Landmarks at risk- the global warming have caused two extreme natural disaster; floods and wildfires which when spread results in destruction of life as well as property. This destruction had put many iconic and historic sites and monuments at risks from the cases in Ellis Island to the everglades with Californias Cesar Chavez National Monument. Forest death in Rocky mountains- It has been recorded that there were 10 millions of trees have died over the 15 years in the Rocky Mountains. This killed many animals, plants, tree killing insects and exerted a stress from the heat and drought. Health impacts- The rise in the temperature has caused climatic changes which impacted the health of the humans. The rise in the temperature increased the air pollution which causes spread of allergens, insect borne diseases, dangerous heat waves and strong rainstorms and flooding. All of these problems create risks to public health like respiratory problems, health problems related to allergies etc . Increase in extreme weather events- The global warming has caused changes in the weather conditions and caused extreme weather events like heat waves, coastal flooding, extreme precipitation conditions and severe conditions of drought. Powerful hurricanes are responsible for global warming which again causes damage to the life and property. Pressure on the ground water- Increase in the global warming causes severe changes in the climates which causes drought resulting in dry conditions exerting pressure in the groundwater supplies as the water requirements increases as precipitation fails to replenish it . Risk to food supply- the increase in the temperature caused climatic changes which includes the frequent heat waves, heavy precipitation and severe droughts. This affected the crop production and also meat production. Thus, global warming causes potential disruption to food supplies. Destruction of Coral reefs- the global warming caused a rise in the ocean temperature which imposes long term irreversible damage to the coral reefs Mitigating Global warming and climate changes: If the challenges of the global warming and the climate changes are not acted upon then there it will continue to damage the environment and human lives. Mitigation- In this, actions must be taken to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and boost the capability of the carbon sinks to take in GHGs from the atmospheres. This is done by the activities like energy conservation, using energy efficiently, using efficient use carbon energy technologies such as the renewable energy, nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage and enhancing carbon sinks by encouraging reforestation . Adaptation- Another step that can be taken by the human is to increase the adaptive capacity which will enhance the ability of the humans and the environment to adjust to climate changes so that the damages are controlled and prevented. In this regard, the environmental association and public statistics have realized the risks of climate changes by endorsing adaptation to changes in the infrastructural needs and reduction of emissions. Climate engineering- This type of mechanism leads to the intentional transformation of the climate. The climate engineering includes solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal. It has also been criticized on the grounds that the climate engineering methods are ineffective and do not have the ability to stop the climate change . Conclusion recommendations: The global warming and the climate changes had been adversely affecting the environment and the human lives. The main cause of the global warming is the human activities which is caused due to the emission of harmful gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide etc. the emission have occurred from vehicles, factories etc. which increased the global temperature causing global warming, ozone depletion and the climate change. The changes have impacted the environment by causing floods in the coastal areas due to glacier melt, drought and wildfires due to the increase in the land surface. The global warming has also caused severe coral reef damage. Some of the recommended strategy includes: Proper financing of the emission reduction strategy must be incorporated like in the case of the Lima Climate Conference where much has been talked about the plans to reduce harmful green house gas emission but there was no emphasis on the financing techniques. Solar radiation management must be incorporated to mitigate the global warming impacts. Rainwater harvesting is important as increase in the temperature is depleting the ground water. Wildfires must also be managed to stop the extinction of exotic plants and animals. Lastly, it is the control of the adverse human activities like judicious use of energy, less emission of harmful gases and reduction in air and water pollution. References: Global warming 'confirmed'. (2011).Nature Climate Change, 1(9), pp.437-438. Huntingford, C. (2013). Climate projection: Refining global warming projections.Nature Climate Change, 3(8), pp.704-705. Kendall, A. (2014). Climate change mitigation: Deposing global warming potentials.Nature Climate Change, 4(5), pp.331-332. Lane, J. (2014). The Resolution Of The Cornucopian-Ecologist Issue On Global Warming-Climate Change.ABR, 2(4), pp.87-93. Matawal, D. and Maton, D. (2013). Climate Change and Global Warming: Signs, Impact and Solutions.IJESD, pp.62-66. Meehl, G., Teng, H. and Arblaster, J. (2014). Climate model simulations of the observed early-2000s hiatus of global warming.Nature Climate Change, 4(10), pp.898-902. Ollier, C. (2013). Global Warming and Climate Change: Science and Politics.Quaestiones Geographicae, 32(1). Risbey, J., Lewandowsky, S., Langlais, C., Monselesan, D., OKane, T. and Oreskes, N. (2014). Well-estimated global surface warming in climate projections selected for ENSO phase.Nature Climate Change, 4(9), pp.835-840. ROSSET, V., LEHMANN, A. and OERTLI, B. (2010). Warmer and richer? Predicting the impact of climate warming on species richness in small temperate waterbodies.Global Change Biology, 16(8), pp.2376-2387. Ã… ¾en, Z. (2013). Urban climate change impact and Istanbul Water Consensus.International Journal of Global Warming, 5(2), p.210. Smith, D. (2013). Oceanography: Has global warming stalled?.Nature Climate Change, 3(7), pp.618-619. Stone, R. and Bohannon, J. (2006). GLOBAL WARMING: U.N. Conference Puts Spotlight on Reducing Impact of Climate Change.Science, 314(5803), pp.1224-1225.

F. Scott Fitzgerald Essays (1169 words) - F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald once said Mostly we authors must repeat ourselves?that's the truth. We have two or three experiences in our lives? experiences so great and moving that it doesn't seem at the time that anyone else has been so caught up (de Koster n. pag.). Fitzgerald's works contain many themes that are based from experiences in his life. Many of these experiences he talks about were with the women in his life. People like his mother, Ginerva King, and Zelda Sayre all had major impacts on Fitzgerald. The women in F. Scott Fitzgerald's life influenced his writing in a number of ways. The first major woman to make and impression on Fitzgerald's life was his mother. Mary (Mollie) McQuillan was of Irish decent. Her parents were Irish immigrants who became rich as grocery owners in St. Paul (Bruccoli 1). Mollie inherited a fair amount of money from her family, but the family had difficulty maintaining the high standard of living they were accustomed to (Bloom 11). When they fell into financial trouble it was her father they turned to. The fact that Fitzgerald's mother, rather than his father, was the financial foundation for their family influenced Fitzgerald greatly. Even as a young boy he was aware of this situation. The theme that arose from this about a wife's inherited money appears frequently in Fitzgerald's writing (Magill 679). When the Fitzgeralds fell into financial trouble, the family had to depend on Mollie's family's money. When times like that came Mollie abandoned the attempt to Tarleton 2 keep up her personal appearance (neglecting both grooming and fashion), which embarrassed her fastidious son. Scott later recorded a dream in which he admitted being ashamed of her (de Koster 15). Furthermore, Fitzgerald's attitude toward his mother influenced him as a person. Because two of Mollie's children had died before Fitzgerald, she was very protective of him. She often worried about his health and babied him. But her attempts to spoil him strengthened his distaste for her (de Koster 15). She wanted her only son to have social ambition (Brief Biography 1). Fitzgerald's negative description of her in An Author's Mother where he describes her as a halting old lady in a preposterously high-crowned hat reveals his feelings (de Koster 15). Fitzgerald was affected by all these emotions towards his mother in his personality and his work. Another influence on Fitzgerald was his first love, Ginerva King. He met the 16-year-old during his sophomore year at Princeton and immediately fell in love (de Koster 19). She matched his dreams of the perfect girl: beautiful, rich, socially secure, and sought after. The last qualification was important. His ideal girl had to be pursued by many men; there had to be an element of competition (de Koster 19). His pursuit of Ginerva changed his attitude and personality. Characters based on her began to show up in his writing. The first time Ginerva shows up in one of Fitzgerald's works is in a short story called The Pierian Springs and the Last Straw. Mathew Bruccoli explains: Tarleton 3 The story develops a major theme in Fitzgerald's fiction: the gifted man ruined by a selfish woman. The hero a scandalous middle-aged novelist who lost his Ginerva as a young man and never got over it. When he marries her after she is widowed, he stops writing. Much of Fitzgerald's fiction would take the form self-warnings or self-judgements, and this story is the first in which he analyzed the conflicting pulls of love and literature. The girl is the writer's inspiration... (de Koster 19). The woman in his life at the time he was writing was his major influence. In the story Winter Dreams, Dexter (meant to be Fitzgerald) pursues Judy Jones in Minnesota (fictionalized Ginerva in Illinois) (Kuehl 66). This theme about a man pursuing a woman shows up many more times in his works. In fact, the heroine in This Side of Paradise, Rosalind, along with many other female characters found in Fitzgerald's works were modeled after Ginerva (de Koster 19). Her influence is apparent in the way she is used as a model for Fitzgerald's characters. However, she was not the most influential person on F. Scott Fitzgerald. In July of

Literature review on Language Use

Literature review on Language Use Literature Review In academic arena, English plays a very crucial role especially in institutions whereby it has been used for infinitely long period of time as a medium of instruction. Students are expected to not only communicate effectively in English language. They are also supposed to master its extensive usage so that they can be able to grasp full content in their various fields of study. According to Bacha and Bahous (2008), there is no possibility of excelling in institutions which use English as medium of communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, tremendous effort geared towards learning English language both from the teacher and learner levels is relevant in order to help students overcome academic demands so as to excel in their respective disciplines. Additionally, the acquired skills will assist students in meeting the de mands of English language use in a professional context (Bacha Bahous, 2008). Ismail (2011) explicates that the academic context consign strenuous demands on students as they are required to complete numerous writing tasks in different genres such as essays, research papers and critical reviews. On the other hand, for learners to be able to decipher the different structure and language forms that are most suited for diverse form of texts, they ought to focus on learning the rules of the language that is being used for instruction. Furthermore, in his study on students’ perceptions on writing in ESL, Ismail found out that English plays vital role in initiating students to the wider academic community owing to their improved proficiency and also due to their ability to make distinctions between language activities used in specific genres. Further exploration of students’ perceptions indicated that the kind of attitudes that students held towards ESL either hindered or p romoted their writing ability. On the same note, Bacha (2002) underscores that English has been elevated to a higher status around the world owing to the fact that it is the preferred language of use for various specific purposes. Needless to say, English is a preferred medium of instruction in many academic institutions across the globe bearing in mind that even the non-English speaking countries have adopted English in their academic curriculum. For this reason, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Arab world as well as from other parts of the globe have little alternative but to learn English despite the difficulties they encounter in the course of learning. In spite of the fact that L1 (Arabic) has a role to play in students life, it is imperative to mention that English for academic purposes is very crucial not just to outshine in academic field, but also to fit in the global arena whereby it is the main language of communication. Concurrently, this current research offers an in-depth exploration on the use of English for purpose of academic learning and of course the acquisition of knowledge. In addition, it also highlights the difficulties Arabic speakers encounter in the course of switching between Arabic for social use and English for academic purposes.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars interested in English for specific purposes (ESP) discipline tend to prefer the usage of two distinct subdivisions to distinguish between the use of English in academic (English for academic purposes (EAP) and the language use in occupational contexts (English for occupational purposes (EOP) (Gillett Wray, 2006). Besides, Gillett and Wray accentuate that the aspiration of ESP is to equip students with the necessary skills to communicate, write and read. Notwithstanding, the period of preparation is very short, but the skills are relevant to p romote success in academics. However, success in mastery of ESP is only achieved if activities of ESP are demonstrated in the context as it is the case in academic institutions. Moreover, the materials for teaching ESP ought to be authentic to enable students to grasp vital skills for a smooth transition into the employment world. Similarly, Fender (2008) in his research unearthed several characteristics of ESP which includes ESP materials that are designed to meet specific learners’ needs such as academic. Conversely, the methodology for designing such materials is tailored towards the specialized purpose. Needless to say, the aim of EPS should be focused, not just on teaching the lexicon, grammar and registers in a particular discipline, but should also provide skills on the appropriate use of the above activities. English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) In yet another development of this language, EOP falls under three categories namely business English, professional Engli sh and vocational English. The importance of English in occupational fields has been accentuated via several studies. One such study is by Fender (2008) that emphasized the necessity for learning above average English skills to facilitate communication in every profession. Furthermore, the two aforementioned authors provide indisputable solutions that ESL students can employ to overcome communication barriers in their respective business and management professions. Likewise, Gilmore (2009) points out that many students find it extremely challenging to produce written texts in their language and the challenges worsens when they are required to write in a second language and specifically to EFL learners. He adds that the widely usage of English language in business and academic environment can be directly linked to the gradual revolution heightened by globalization. As a matter of fact, Huang (2008) study supported Gilmore observation by accentuating that the spread of English usage i s likely to be accelerated by its’ widespread usage in mass communication, internet and business dealings. He further emphasizes that on a day to day basis, thousands of deals in trade, journalism, politics etc are conducted in English whereas the parties involved are non-native speakers of English. As a result, the necessity to equip the users with the relevant English competence skills cannot be overemphasized of which this is the main concern of the current study.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature review on Language Use specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, Huang study revealed that test scores for tasks written in English varied between the ESL learners and native speakers of English, whereby native speakers scores higher than ESL learners. Huang attributed these findings to the fact that ESL learners’ performance was limited for reasons not explained in his study. However, his fi ndings positively indicate the concept of using ESP in academics poses tremendous hardship to ESL students. Moreover, Puvenesvary (2003) research revealed that poorly-written business letters caused grievous harm to a business. His study which was conducted in the banking sector in Malasyia further portrays that ESP is a valuable skill not just in academics but also in professional arena. Challenges in reading and speaking in ESP for academic learners Research among Arab students has indicated that they face similar or more adverse challenges while reading and speaking in ESP. Obviously, in academic institutions, students are expected to communicate with their fellow learners as well as participate in both oral and reading classroom presentations. Similarly, they are also expected to have above average reading skills to enhance performance in academic tasks. However, most ESP learners posses below average skills in reading and speaking as cited by Jdetawy (2011). The aim of his rese arch was to conduct a conceptual review of challenges faced by Arab learners while using ESP in academic setting. A thorough review of literature exposes the reality that Arab ESL students faced serious problems while using ESP in academics and the problems impacted on all areas of language skills, i.e. speaking, reading, writing and listening (Jdetawy, 2011). The above current study concurs with a prior study by Savas (2009). Although Savas’ study aimed at unearthing learners’ challenges as perceived by their teachers, the two studies arrived at similar findings. Savas (2009) highlights that L2 learners of English face serious challenges while using ESP in accomplishing academic tasks such as writing, speaking, reading and listening. Interesting though, this study partly blame inadequacy of teaching methods as having contributed to the acquisition of below average linguistic skills in English. Problems faced by Arabic speakers in ESL learning for academic purposes On the same note, learners of L2 face many problems and Arab learners are no exception. Needless to say, these problems have caught the interest of various linguistic scholars due to their regular occurrences in both written and spoken English. As a result, numerous studies (Hisham, 2008; Rababbah, 2003; Kobayashi Rinnert, 2002) have been carried out to investigate some of the common and chronic problems faced by Arab learners in the process of acquiring L2 (English). To expound on the same, Kobayashi and Rinnert (2002) study attempted to investigate the effects of extensive and intensive L1 training in high school and how students transferred L1 knowledge while writing in L2. The study indicated that students tended to transfer knowledge in L1 to L2 and as a result committed weighty lexical errors during the writing process. However, errors in writing could be minimized if the students acquired the best writing strategy in L1 as they could transfer the same skills L2.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Kobayashi and Rinnert explanation ignores the fact that most of the errors of writing in L2 arise not because of the acquired writing strategies, but also because the mastery of L2 is restricted. Rababah (2003) extended his study further to identify the various reasons that could be attributed to these EFL learning problems. First of all, he identified that the problems of EFL among Arab learners arose because English language teachers were native speakers of Arabic; hence their performance and competence in English was likely to be restricted. In addition, use of English was not a common experience among Arab speakers bearing in mind that they also had little interaction with native English speakers. Consequently, Hisham (2008) investigated business students at the University of Utara Malaysia and pointed out that EFL learner encounter problems in vocabulary register, grammar and referencing. As a matter of fact, Umair (2011) reinforces the above discourse by res tating that Arabic native speakers encountered many problems while undertaking writing courses in English. In deed, the composition of learners in academic institution is very diverse and as well their multilevel ability in writing also varied. As a result, the lack of uniformity further accelerated the problems of competent writing for both teachers and students (ibid). Umair further explains that the diversified composition of learners in terms of abilities made it impossible for teachers to meet the needs of every learner. Additionally, Bacha (2002) reviewed past literature that is highly relevant to the current study owing to the fact that it identified the major problems that L2 learners encountered while writing for academic purposes. Moreover, the study pointed out that writing skills among L2 learners were restricted following their limitation of lexical variety and lack of subordination elements. Consequently, the importance of employing the appropriate methodology while te aching ESP cannot be overstated. Having established that there are various and grievous problems in ESL learning, L2 practitioners have been a search of comprehensive theory that would be employed to teach L2 in an attempt to minimize or eliminate problems that originated from poor teaching methodologies. As a result three major theories have been proposed which can be employed to guide learners in the process of writing in order to promote mastery of skills among ESP learners for academic purposes. Integral theories applied in the teaching of ESP One of the most important theories is that which touches on rhetorical drills and syntax. It is referred to as product theory and they are all important in assisting the process of writing (Badger White, 2000). As the name suggests, this theory is concerned with the final written product and eschews from establishing how the writing skills are acquired. Badger and White also exemplifies that the written product is a clear indicator of the level of structure skills of the target language (TL) that the learner have mastered. Moreover, the written product indicates the level of imitated input since L2 learning is a matter of imitation. Badger and White also explains that if students are exposed to written model texts their level of errors is likely to subside and vice versa. This is because as students focus on model texts they also focus on form and structure out of which they imitate the ideal writing skills. In addition, the students should be exposed to various exercises based on the model texts, and concurrently their level of mastered should be evaluated based on replicated product. On the contrary, process theory approach focuses on the identification of procedure employed to arrive at the final written text without any consideration of the appearance of this final product (Hyland, 2003). This indicates that this theory is more concerned with teaching methods that learner of ESP is exposed to so as to acquire wr iting skills in the target language. The author expounds that the various elements in the learning of English language such as drafting, actual writing carrying out revision as well as assessment and evaluation are all related to the theory. Henceforth, instructors are supposed to introduce the students to techniques that enhance success in writing. Therefore, students are taken through rewriting, revision and editing until the instructor is satisfied with the final draft. On the same note, it important to acknowledge a more recent research that sought to highlight the meta-cognitive strategic that Arab students employed while reading comprehension both in Arabic and English that was doe by Alsheikh and Mokhtari (2011). The study indicates serious implications for teaching and assessment on academic institutions since the researchers established that participants were more concerned with strategies than end products. Therefore, the study further reinforces the process theory that st rategy or mechanisms employed in teaching writing determines the quality of end-product. Finally, genre theory approach was proposed in an attempt to provide mechanisms to promote successful learning of ESP in the academic arena especially in writing. According to Badger and White (2000), this approach largely deals with studying the social context in which writing materials are produced. Generally, this theory considers the communicative events where written materials are produced. In the academic context, the process whereby a lecturer interacts with his/her students in the process of teaching is considered to be relevant while teaching writing skills in target language. Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) also explained that in this context, students are free to choose their own topic and write on them, while ensuring that their written texts fulfill the intended communicative purpose. Concurrently, Flowerdew and Peacock (2001) perceive this approach as the most significant due to its d ynamic nature as well as varied characteristics across disciplines, time and instructors. However, the approach might not be successful since it requires collaboration between lecturers and students, a situation which may sometimes be unattainable. In this case, the teacher assumes an authoritative position as he/she guides learners towards an elevated performance level of ESP (Paltridge, 2001). References Alsheikh, N.O. Mokhtari, K. (2011). An Examination of the Metacognitive Reading Strategies Used by Native Speakers of Arabic When Reading in English and Arabic. English Language Teaching, 4(2), 151-161. Bacha, N.N. (2002). Developing Learners’ Academic Writing Skills in Higher Education: A Study for Educational Reform. Language and Education, 16(3): 161-178. Bacha, N.N., Bahous, R. (2008). Contrasting views of business students’ writing needs in an EFL environment. English for Specific Purposes 27, 74-93. Badger, R. G. White. (2000). A process-genre approach to te aching writing. ELT Journal 54(2), 153-160. Fender, M. 2008. Spelling knowledge and reading development: Insights from Arab ESL learners, Reading in a foreign language, 20(2), 19-26. Flowerdew, J. Peacock, M. (Eds.) (2001). Research Perspectives on English for Academic Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gillett, A Wray, L. (2006). ‘EAP and Success in Assessing the Effectiveness of EAP Programmes, BALEAP. Gilmore, A. (2009). Using online corpora to develop students’ writing skills. ELT Journal, 63(4), 363-372. Hisham, D. (2008). Needs Analysis of Arab graduate students in the area of EAP: A case study of the ICT program at UUM. Unpublished minor thesis. Sintok: University Utara Malaysia Press. Huang, J. (2008).How Accurate are ESL students holistic writing scores on large-scale assessments? A generalizability theory approach. Assessing Writing, 13(3), 201- 218. Hyland, K. (2003). Genre-based pedagogies: A social response to process. Journal of Second Lan guage Writing, 12: 17-29. Ismail, S. A. A. (2011). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of ESL Writing. English Language Teaching, 4(2): 73-84. Jdetawy, L. F. A. (2011). Problems encountered by Arab EFL learners. Language in India, 11(3), 19-28. Kobayash, H. Rinnert, C. (2002). High school perceptions of first language literacy instruction: Implications for second language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 11(2), 91-116 Paltridge, B. (2001). Genre, text type and the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) classroom. In A. M. Johns (Ed.), Genre in the Classroom. Mahwah: Erlbaum. Puvenesvary, M. (2003). A comparative study of the criteria employed by academics and workplace professionals in evaluating business correspondence. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy, Thesis, Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Rabab’ah, G. (2003). Communicating Problems Facing Arab Learners of English. Journal of Language and L earning 3(1), 180-197. Savas, B. (2009). Role of Functional Academic Literacy In ESP teaching: ESP Teacher Training in Turkey for sustainable development. Journal of International Social research, 2(9), 396-408. Umair, N. (2011). Problems of Multi-ability Academic English Writing Classes in Arab Countries. Arab World English Journal, 2(2), 230-242.

Art of the 20th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art of the 20th century - Essay Example Surrealism was a new way of expression and was based on the idea of higher reality of certain forms of association which had been neglected previously. In addition, it was based on the notion of the omnipotence i.e. the dominance and control of dream and in the impartial play of thought. Thus, surrealists sought to break the dreadlock of predictable ways of thinking. In essence, its experiments sought to highlight the task of the unconscious in creativity in a bid to be innovative (ibid 477). Given the fact that the surrealists were interested in the works of expression of the unconscious, and the finest place of longing in psychoanalytical theory, it was unavoidable that in the long run an effort would be made so as to bring together works of surrealism based on the theme of desire. One such attempt by surrealism was "surrealism: Desire unbound", an exhibition at fate Modem in London which lasted till the 1st of January, 2001(ibid). The exhibition was a major undertaking in which fourteen rooms were set by a given topic. It focused on specific artistic works and highlighted artists by name. This was such an inspiration to artists since most of the important and a great number of the lesser known facts and figures of the surrealist movement were represented there. During the exhibition, waiting rooms prepared the scene. Men shall know nothing of this was one of the artistic works at the scene presented by Max Ernst. The curator introduced his works by giving his theme. According to him, a theme vital to surrealism is its vision of man as a being driven by desire. The desire of surrealists was the authentic variety of the self in the inside. In itself, this is not a problem but it can also not be said to be the whole story. In addition, it implies that representations desire can be considered principarily as biographical (Summers&Claude 324). Marcel Duchamp's artistic work, the bride stripped bare by Her Bachelors. dominated the first room which was named after the artistic works reconstructed by Richard Hamilton. Duchamp can be said to be a very good place where a survey on surrealism can be carried out. From earlier days of Dada, an Iconoclastic vision was found at the frontage of the way out. Andre' Breton had a place written on Duchamp's massive influence. He explained that someday, one can question oneself as to what degree it will be measured legitimate to have painting continued as if the Bride stripped Bare had been created. The great works of glass bold in the room poses a mechanistic vision of sexual desire (ibid 324) The love and poetry room contains artifacts of surrealism as a Literary and a movement across the globe. In the room, there were publications and manuscripts. The small handbills were the most rewarding in contributing a lot to surrealism. "Parents-tell your dreams to your children" and most significantly, "surrealistic is Literature denied''. In this room, there was the first proposition that there was any form of union within surrealism since there were photographs of international groupings and meetings (Ruhr berg & Waither 477). The last room in the exhibition had enormous amounts of material, some of it unfamiliar. The material was laid out in an active manner and the subject is a legitimate one in surrealism. The material was disappointing though; it was ultimately not fulfilling due to a number of reasons. One is that whilst